Apnoea

Uses

How it works

Preparation

Risks & contraindications

Comparisons

Evidence quality

Highlighted claims

• The primary outcome of the trial is the occurrence of severe apnoea lasting one minute or longer. — Comparison of remimazolam versus propofol under deep sedation for elderly patients during prostate biopsy: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial
• The World SIVA International Sedation Task Force classifies apnoea lasting over one minute as a sentinel adverse event and among the most serious PSA complications, warranting immediate and aggressive rescue. — Comparison of remimazolam versus propofol under deep sedation for elderly patients during prostate biopsy: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial
• The primary endpoint is the incidence of desaturation events, defined as SpO₂ below 90% from study drug administration until the modified Aldrete score reaches 9 or higher. — Safety and efficacy of esketamine versus remifentanil as adjuncts to propofol sedation in children undergoing haematologic-oncologic procedures in China: a single-centre, randomised, controlled, crossover trial protocol
• Apnoea lasting one minute or more was chosen as the primary endpoint over hypoxaemia because hypoxaemia cannot distinguish between desaturation from airway obstruction and desaturation from true apnoea or hypoventilation. — Comparison of remimazolam versus propofol under deep sedation for elderly patients during prostate biopsy: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial
• Apnoea lasting more than 30 seconds triggers manual mask ventilation until spontaneous breathing resumes. — Safety and efficacy of esketamine versus remifentanil as adjuncts to propofol sedation in children undergoing haematologic-oncologic procedures in China: a single-centre, randomised, controlled, crossover trial protocol
• Accurate apnoea detection is ensured by inserting a nasal or oral airway adjunct in all patients before the biopsy begins and having a dedicated airway anaesthetist monitor solely for respiratory events. — Comparison of remimazolam versus propofol under deep sedation for elderly patients during prostate biopsy: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial
• A systematic review of capnography monitoring found that detecting transient, brief apnoea events tends to lead to unnecessary interventions without improving patient outcomes, supporting the adoption of a one-minute threshold. — Comparison of remimazolam versus propofol under deep sedation for elderly patients during prostate biopsy: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial
• Keidan et al. reported that 8 of 41 children undergoing bone marrow aspiration with propofol-remifentanil experienced respiratory depression. — Safety and efficacy of esketamine versus remifentanil as adjuncts to propofol sedation in children undergoing haematologic-oncologic procedures in China: a single-centre, randomised, controlled, crossover trial protocol
• If the true effect size is more moderate than 75%, the study may lack sufficient power to demonstrate a statistically significant difference in desaturation. — Safety and efficacy of esketamine versus remifentanil as adjuncts to propofol sedation in children undergoing haematologic-oncologic procedures in China: a single-centre, randomised, controlled, crossover trial protocol
• The trial's sample size calculation projects a 75% relative risk reduction in desaturation with esketamine versus remifentanil. — Safety and efficacy of esketamine versus remifentanil as adjuncts to propofol sedation in children undergoing haematologic-oncologic procedures in China: a single-centre, randomised, controlled, crossover trial protocol