Sex Bias in Medicine

Uses

How it works

Risks & contraindications

Background

Highlighted claims

• Administrative binary sex classifications used in this study exclude non-binary and transgender individuals, estimated at approximately 6% of the Swiss population. — Comparison of in-hospital outcomes and processes of care by patient and physician sex: a single-centre retrospective cohort study
• Female patients face a dual burden of reduced access to guideline-recommended procedures alongside higher exposure to unnecessary treatments. — Comparison of in-hospital outcomes and processes of care by patient and physician sex: a single-centre retrospective cohort study
• Medical research, training, and clinical guidelines have historically been developed based on predominantly male patient populations, creating a structural sex bias that may contribute to underdiagnosis of female patients. — Comparison of in-hospital outcomes and processes of care by patient and physician sex: a single-centre retrospective cohort study
• The study supports embedding sex-sensitive frameworks in medical training to address persistent structural disparities in inpatient care. — Comparison of in-hospital outcomes and processes of care by patient and physician sex: a single-centre retrospective cohort study
• Universal healthcare coverage through mandatory health insurance removes access-related disparities that may amplify physician-level sex effects in systems with differential access. — Comparison of in-hospital outcomes and processes of care by patient and physician sex: a single-centre retrospective cohort study